Tag Archives: 2025-2026

The Dangers of Logical Fallacies

By Emma Hersey, ’29

Staff Writer

Whether debating the best holiday movie or an important social issue, it’s important to support our arguments with sound reasoning. However, logical fallacies – an error in reasoning that has plagued debaters since the days of Aristotle – can stymie the best of us. How do we ensure we avoid logical fallacies, which lead to unreliable conclusions, emotional manipulation and deviations from the truth due to false assumptions? Let’s start by diving into the two types of fallacies: material and verbal.

Material fallacies are when the main point or assumptions in a sentence are flawed instead of the structure of the sentence. Verbal fallacies are sentences that use ambiguity to trick people with the double meanings of the stressed words.These two fallacies are important to be aware of because they can cause weakened arguments and lead to misconceptions. To test your understanding of these two types of fallacies, you can take this quiz. Once you submit your answers, you can check to see what you got right. 

Through these logical fallacies, many people are tricked into formulating shaky arguments, and making incorrect conclusions about the situation at hand. An unsound argument is when you make a claim that fails in its logical structure, or has a piece of information that is questionable to be true. Two types of arguments that fall under logical fallacies are the loaded question fallacy and the ad hominem fallacy. The loaded question fallacy puts the responder in a situation where the answers of “yes” or “no” are both wrong or contradictory. The question “are you always this disrespectful?” is one example; if you answer “yes,” then it proves that you are aware that you are disrespectful, but if you answer “no,” then you are admitting that you usually are disrespectful but you just aren’t as bad at this given moment. These questions lead to unreliable conclusions.

The ad hominem fallacy judges people based on what they do instead of the information they offer. Attacking the person because of their past actions and not the argument at hand creates distorted conclusions. If you do not believe in the actions of the person, then what is it that will push you to believe the words coming out of their mouth? People often have the tendency to judge people based on their clothing, with a negative response to poorly dressed individuals and a positive response to people who are decked out in luxurious brands. Sadly, someone can be speaking complete lies and the audience will take to heart everything they say just because they believe they are competent due to the clothes on their body.

There are several other kinds of fallacies too:

Appeal to Emotion –  Have your parents ever said to you, “You have to finish your dinner because there are starving children in the world that could use that food?” That’s an appeal to emotion, which manipulates a person’s feelings and coerces the receiver to accept this formulated conclusion. Through this fallacy, people are misled and manipulated by their emotional response and thus change their actions based on it. When your parents deliver the line about “staving kids,” it makes you want to sit back down and finish your food because of the human response of empathy. Even if you argue about the food at first, your body will respond to a change in emotion and will cause you to finish the food out of guilt for the other children out there. 

Slippery Slope – An example of this is when an adult says, “If you don’t do your homework, you’ll fail the class. If you fail the class, you won’t graduate. If you don’t graduate, you won’t get into college or a good job, and you’ll end up poor and homeless.” This fallacy supposes that if you do A, it will cause a chain reaction that not only causes B, but causes C and D too. Many parents use this fallacy to control their children because they believe that it will coerce their children into obeying their instructions. Once children hear how bad life can get if they don’t do a certain thing, parents might believe, they will steer away from the action. But sometimes this can have the opposite effect and make children even more rebellious.

Bandwagon – This fallacy implies that who is making the statement is crucial for its believability. Many stores use the bandwagon effect when marketing products. By paying influencers to positively review the products, the store makes the product seem popular, and that entices shoppers to try it for themselves. When someone uses the bandwagon fallacy, they are putting the claim of a good product on an item just because of its growing popularity, not its actual performance. 

Appeal to Nature – This fallacy tricks your brain into believing something is better because it is natural, rather than unnatural. The word “natural” has positive connotations, while “unnatural” is associated with poisons and pesticides. A common marketing tool is to put the words “all natural” on the package because people will believe that anything “natural,” or from the earth, is automatically healthy. When grocery items are labeled organic, it makes many people more inclined to buy them, even though it’s not clear what definition of “organic” the store is using. 

Logical fallacies are a big part of our world, leading to unreliable conclusions, emotional manipulation, and deviations from the truth because of false assumptions. It is easy to be swayed by other people and what they are voicing, but being aware of logical fallacies will help you avoid being manipulated. If you want to know more about logical fallacies, check out this link.

Series May Be Over, But Debate Rages On

By Mrs. McHugh

HHS Librarian & The Hawk advisor

Spoilers Ahead!

An estimated 3.7 million households viewed the series finale of Stranger Things within a week of its New Year’s Eve release. Another million people watched it in movie theaters, an epic event for a television show. As the conclusion of the Netflix series becomes one of the streaming service’s hottest creations, one thing is clear: the only thing more popular than watching it is debating it.

Within minutes of the finale’s end, social media lit up with reviews and rehashes from TV critics and fans alike. Some praised the episode for bringing the team back together for the final battle, choosing awesome music in key moments, and ending with the next generation of players around the Dungeons & Dragons table. Others, though, expressed disappointment with what they felt were plot holes and lazy writing in a show they had spent a decade of their life watching. It felt like a betrayal to fans already upset with the three-year wait between seasons four and five, and the drawn-out release of the series’ final eight episodes. Some viewers went so far as to speculate that the finale was really a mind trick by the villain, Vecna, and a hidden episode with a more satisfying ending would be released (there was not). The Duffer Brothers, who created the show, gave countless interviews trying to explain their choices, and Netflix released a two-hour “making of” documentary in an effort to appease fans (it did not).

The stars of Stranger Things in season three

Since its 2016 premiere, I’ve loved the science fiction adventure show about a group of friends who discover a girl with special powers. Steeped in 1980s nostalgia, the show brought alive memories of my adolescence, and I felt the mythology was complex but not convoluted. Watching the cast grow up reminded me of the years I spent following the transformation of Harry Potter and friends from Sorcerer’s Stone to Deathly Hallows, something rare and special in entertainment.

After watching the finale, I was content with the ending. I was emotionally invested throughout the two hours, gasping – and then cheering – when Steve fell and was rescued, tearing up during Hopper’s heart to hearts with El, laughing at Murray and Robin’s one-liners, and ugly crying when Mike and El were forced to say goodbye. I liked the long epilogue which revealed that the characters we loved would be okay. I didn’t even mind the ambiguity around El’s fate; I was happy to believe. But as I started hearing the criticism, I felt some of it was valid. Where the demodogs when the gang fought Vecna in the abyss? Why was Vecna/Henry Creel’s backstory shortchanged for a play most fans wouldn’t have the chance to see? How did the gang get away with killing all those soldiers? And what was the deal with the terrible wig worn by Nancy in the epilogue?

I’ve watched several shows where a disappointing ending threatened to sour me on the whole series – Lost, the original Dexter (although the latest incarnation was a bit redemptive). But I don’t count Stranger Things among them. Maybe the creators were rushed, or got lazy, or tried to milk the series for too long. Maybe they could have made better choices for the final episodes. But TV for me is entertainment and escape, and despite any flaws, the Stranger Things finale provided that. It is a series I’ve rewatched several times in anticipation of new seasons, and can envision returning to in the future.

Even at Hanover High School, debate about the show raged for weeks after the finale. You couldn’t mention it and not get a passionate earful about what worked and what didn’t. Some longtime fans from our school community share their reactions below.

Season four fan-favorite Eddie Munson

Mr. Henderson, HHS English teacher (who dressed up as Eddie Munson last Halloween): “The ending was exactly what it needed to be. It was one that honored the ’80s nostalgia that it so carefully created, while also giving a compelling story. In the end, it was one that did something rare in a phone-in-hand watching environment: it made the viewer think. Do you believe? Do you not? There’s no simple answer, spelled out for viewers over and over. What’ll we remember? I think we’ll remember a few things. Friends don’t lie. Hellfire lives. Keep running up that hill. And, I don’t think we’re done with the world of Hawkins. Call it a suspicion that it could be . . . a never-ending story.”

Gianna Steber, freshman: “Before I watched the finale, I’d heard some of the criticisms and started feeling negatively about it. But then I loved it. I thought it was a very good ending that replayed what happened at the beginning and started a new chapter with Mike’s sister and her friends. I believe the rumor that the finale script wasn’t finished and the writers used AI, but It didn’t bother me.”

Jameson Bryan, senior: “I thought it was kind of disappointing. The kids spent years fighting Vecna and they killed him in like 10 minutes; that was a major letdown. Everyone was nervous about a big death, like Steve, but then the only one who died was Kali and that wasn’t much of a shock. I think Mike and El’s relationship was undeveloped; there could’ve been a better ending for them. The epilogue was too long; they could have made that 20 minutes and made the fight scene longer. I liked how, at the end, the show had a full-circle moment and ended with Holly and her friends as the little kids playing D&D. Despite these complaints, I thought season 5 was good overall and I still think the show was great. It was just one bad episode out of like 40.”

Mr. Wade, HHS music teacher: “I think with a show that big, that’s gone on for so long, it’s hard to close in a way that’s satisfying for everybody. But I personally enjoyed it. I loved Will’s storyline, and how the show came full circle by starting and ending in the basement.”

The friends embrace after Will comes out

Whether you liked the Stranger Things finale or not, there’s no ignoring that it was a phenomenon not often repeated: a pop culture event that brought millions of people together in anticipation and left most of them talking about it afterward. Fans can argue endlessly about whether the finale was good, but the fact that so many people cared is one undeniable measure of its success.

Special Olympics Swim Team is Rewarding Volunteer Experience

By Siena Oliver, ’27

Opinions Editor

Each winter, from January through late April, the PAC Penguins Special Olympics Swim Team returns for another season. Every Sunday morning from 10:00-11:30 at the Emilson YMCA in Hanover, the team gathers to practice. High school volunteers work with swimmers on a variety of goals, including improving swim strokes, building endurance, comfort level in the water, and offering overall encouragement. At the end of the season, after many weeks of practice, all of the swimmers come together for a culminating swim meet hosted at a nearby college pool. With a banquet/party to celebrate at the end, the Penguins’ swim season is jam packed with activity and fun. This team offers exercise, community, competition, and friendship to local swimmers with special needs. It also provides volunteers with the opportunity to not only earn community service hours, but also build meaningful connections with swimmers, volunteers, and coaches alike, while making a difference in a way that is rewarding and very enjoyable. 

Founded in 1968, Special Olympics is an organization that holds training and competition in a variety of sports for children and adults with intellectual disabilities. According to its mission statement, the program gives participants “continuing opportunities to develop physical fitness, demonstrate courage, experience joy and participate in a sharing of gifts, skills and friendship with their families, other Special Olympics athletes and the community.”

I joined as a volunteer during my freshman year of high school, and enjoyed it so much I have returned every year since. I love meeting new swimmers at the beginning of the season, but I always especially look forward to reconnecting with returning swimmers who I’ve gotten to know in previous years. My role as a volunteer varies from week to week, but most often I am either overseeing a lane and offering encouragement and swimming tips, or getting in the water to work one-on-one with a swimmer who I’ve been helping for several seasons. I enjoy all of the different aspects of helping with the Penguins swim team, but one of the most powerful parts of this type of volunteer work is seeing the direct, positive impacts that volunteers can have on someone else. From week to week, and especially from year to year, the impacts that volunteers can have on the swimmers are visible. Helping someone learn a stroke they had been struggling with, or gain comfort with a skill they had previously been nervous about is a great feeling.

Volunteering with the Penguins has become a weekend activity that I genuinely enjoy and look forward to each year. It is an amazing opportunity for high school students to make connections with people in their communities, work with swimmers of all different ages and abilities, and, yes, fulfill their community service requirements. For anyone with an interest in swimming, teaching, meeting new people, making a difference in their community, I would highly recommend becoming a volunteer for the PAC Penguins Special Olympics Swim Team.

For more information on being a volunteer, visit the Special Olympics website or reach out to Sue Gaspar through the PAC Penguins website.

Tutoring Program Helps Students Make Connections

By Jenna Clasby, ’27

Staff Writer

During the summer, I was trying to figure out what ways I could help others, while also preparing for college, and maintaining a balance between school work and volunteering. One day, I found Connect Me, which offers free tutoring to students throughout the world, and I knew that I wanted to be a part of it.

Connect Me Tutoring was founded in October 2020, largely because of a problem in education at that time. The COVID-19 pandemic caused schools to close, causing fear and apprehension about getting sick. This made it very hard for a lot of students to benefit from office hours and other tutoring programs. Mehmet Tascioglu, the founder, was a high school student then during the COVID-19 pandemic and wanted to do something to help. He wanted to create Connect Me Tutoring to provide tutoring to students who needed it, and he wanted it to be free so that all students, regardless of economic status, could receive tutoring aid.

What started as a small effort to help people in the Metro-Detroit area, with only 15 students, became something big. Connect Me got help from student volunteers, and from being featured on news stations, like FOX 2 Detroit. This helped Connect Me become well-known across the country, leading to an influx of student tutors from several states. Because of this, Connect Me became a nonprofit organization that is still growing fast and working on making education fair for everyone. Over the past five years, Connect Me has become a student-run nonprofit that gives free tutoring in the United States, with hundreds of volunteers and leaders who help out. Connect Me matches students in kindergarten through the 12th grade with high school and college tutors who have been interviewed. They have had tens of thousands of one-on-one tutoring sessions, and Connect Me has helped students in over 40 states and 12 countries. Connect Me has been talked about by news outlets like USA Today, ABC, CBS, and Fox News. They even got an award from NBC called the “Making a Difference” Award in 2021 for their contributions to education by providing free learning for any student who signs up.

The success of Connect Me comes from its leaders and volunteers who really care about what they do, which you can find on Connect Me’s website. These tutors work with the students online to help them with their schoolwork, prepare for tests, etc. Connect Me does this to make sure everyone can learn no matter what, and to have students become leaders where they live.

When I first joined in August, I was apprehensive about becoming a tutor because I wasn’t sure if my students would like me or if I could help them. I didn’t know what to expect at first. But after every tutoring session with my students, I felt better about myself and gained confidence that I knew what I was doing. Confidence has been a struggle in my life, and I’m really glad that Connect Me helped me push my limits. I have had some great experiences, and one of the best things I have done is tutor students from all over the world. Currently, I am tutoring a student in Malaysia and one in North Carolina. This has allowed me to gain a better understanding of what goes on in other parts of the world. For example, Malaysia doesn’t follow Daylight Saving Time, which caused a pretty frantic, yet funny moment in email exchanges with my student!

Through Connect Me, I have met some really inspiring leaders. One moment that really stands out was when I was interviewed by Aahana Jain for Connect Me. Aahana is the Director of Partners, meaning she makes connections with other organizations to expand Connect Me’s impact.  She was so outstanding and kindhearted to me for the whole interview because I was really nervous. My time with Connect Me has been great for me as a person and for buttressing my college applications. I have learned a lot of teaching skills and styles, and I feel more confident now because of these experiences. Since I want to work in education or something related, working with Connect Me has been an invaluable opportunity. It has taught me how much of a difference students can make when they help each other, and that is something that I think is very valuable in the divided world we live in today.

Today, Connect Me is really about people helping each other. It is a group of students from all around the world. When students volunteer for Connect Me, they get things like community service hours, a chance to be a leader, and the opportunity to make a difference in the lives of others. All of this helps students become more well-rounded individuals, and it makes a real difference in the world.

For more information about the program:

 Connect Me, 248-270-5844, info@connectmego.org

Wicked: A Remarkable Transformation from Stage to Screen

By Emily Davis, ’27

Entertainment Editor

For more than two decades, Wicked has soared over Broadway as one of the most beloved musicals of all time. The $1.2 billion grossing musical, based on Gregory Maguire’s novel Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West, reimagines the land of Oz long before Dorothy’s farmhouse ever fell from the sky. Now, with Wicked making a leap from stage to screen in a two-part film adaptation, longtime fans and first-time viewers alike are noticing key differences between the Broadway production and the movies – differences that reflect both the demands and possibilities of cinema. 

At its core, Wicked tells the story of an unlikely friendship between two young women at Shiz University: Elphaba, a brilliant but misunderstood green-skinned social outcast, and Glinda, a popular and ambitious socialite. As they go through university, they are pulled into the turmoil of Oz, and their paths diverge. Elphaba becomes known as the so-called “Wicked Witch of the West” while Glinda rises as a symbol of goodness. The story challenges the audience to question who gets labeled as wicked and why, emphasizing the themes of friendship, power, prejudice, and truth versus propaganda. The central plot remains intact in both the Broadway show and film versions. However, the way the story is told, and how deeply it is explored, changes significantly on screen. 

One of the most noticeable differences between the Broadway production and the movie is the scale of which it can be physically executed. The stage version relies on imaginative sets, lighting, and choreography to suggest the world of Oz, asking the audience to fill in parts with their imaginations. The films, in contrast, fully realize Oz through picturesque landscapes, cityscapes, and elaborate visual effects. Locations that are briefly suggested on stage, such as Shiz University or the Emerald City, are expanded into realistic environments in the movies, giving the story a more cinematic feel. 

The Broadway musical runs just under three hours, including intermission. To avoid rushing the story, the film adaptation is split into two parts, Wicked and Wicked: For Good. This allows for the movie to spend more time developing characters and relationships. Elphaba’s isolation and moral awakening, for example, are explored with greater attention to detail, while Glinda’s transformation from self-centered student to public figure feels more gradual and complex. Secondary characters and political tensions also receive more attention and build up than they do on stage. 

While the iconic songs such as “Defying Gravity” and “Popular” remain central, their presentations differ. On stage, these numbers are designed for live performances, often emphasizing big vocals and theatrical technique. In the movies, songs are more closely integrated into the narrative, sometimes feeling more realistic, with close-ups and quieter moments that are unable to be executed in a large theater. Additionally, the films make small but noticeable adjustments to dialogue and pacing to align with a movie audience, while the Broadway version maintains a faster rhythm driven by live performance energy. 

Despite these differences, both versions of Wicked share the same story. Whether experienced under Broadway lights or on the big screen, the story asks the audience to reconsider the labels of good and evil. The movies do not replace stage production; instead, they reinterpret it, using film’s unique tools to deepen and broaden a story that has already proved its power. 

Plummer Named ‘Head Hawk’

By Samuel Frattasio, ’27

News Editor

Hanover High School will see a familiar face step into a new role this spring, as longtime educator and curriculum director Matthew Plummer prepares to succeed retiring Principal Matthew Mattos in April. Mr. Plummer, or “Plum” as students and staff call him, was a 1985 HHS graduate who has spent more than three decades serving the school as both a teacher and administrator. He was formally announced as the next principal in a December message to families from Superintendent Matt Ferron. 

For many in Hanover, Mr. Plummer’s selection represents a choice for both continuity and growth at the high school. At the January 7th School Committee meeting, he emphasized that even a strong school like HHS should “continue to look for ways to improve,” outlining priorities such as reviewing the NEASC accreditation report, exploring potential changes to the schedule, and expanding courses in financial literacy, communications, and artificial intelligence. He also shared a long-term goal of building a working greenhouse on campus that could support science classes and serve as a space where “any student who really wants to can can go pick up a carnation or a mum and bring it home to their parents,” underscoring his belief that “it’s always about the students” and that the school’s job is to create as many opportunities as possible for them to shine. 

As the school looks ahead to this transition, the community is also taking time to recognize the impact of Principal Mattos’ tenure. Since stepping into the role in 2021, he has guided the building through the post-pandemic period, overseeing major initiatives while maintaining a steady, student-centered focus. Under his leadership, HHS introduced the Vision of the Graduate framework, Mission Mondays, the Friday music challenge, and other traditions that have helped define the school’s culture and strengthen a sense of community. Colleagues and families credit his thoughtful transition planning with positioning HHS for a smooth change in leadership this spring, and many express a deep appreciation for the way he has kept students at the center of every decision. 

As we move into this next chapter, the change from Mr. Mattos to Mr. Plummer signals both gratitude and optimism about the future. With a “homegrown” principal focused on student opportunity and a community eager to support him, the school appears well-positioned to build on its strengths while continuing to evolve. 

References

Evans, Justin. “‘Homegrown’ Leader Matthew Plummer Named Next Principal of Hanover High.” South Shore News, 15 Jan. 2026, 

“Upcoming Leadership Change at Hanover High School 12/18/25.” Hanover Public Schools, 18 Dec. 2025, 

Senior Spotlight: Highlighting Members of the Class of ’26

By Bradlee Dowling & Sienna Lammond, ’26

Co-editor in Chief and Staff Writer

This year, The Hawk will profile some of the truly special students in the Class of 2026. Each issue, we’ll ask several seniors about their Hanover High School experience to get to know a little bit more about them before they head off into the world. The chosen seniors showcase excellence, whether as a team captain, award winner, club leader, or academic achiever. Read our previous profiles at Senior Spotlight.

Haley Ray

Haley Ray has been in Hanover schools since preschool, so she’s fully grown up here. One thing that has remained constant throughout her time here has been sports. Haley has been playing soccer and basketball since elementary school and has continued doing so throughout her entire time at Hanover High School. Although she does not do as much art and crafting as she did in middle school, one thing that she definitely learned in high school has been confidence. As she got older, she became less shy and more comfortable in class.

Her favorite class was history, specifically her sophomore year with Mr. Perry. Having it first period made it easier to wake up in the mornings, especially since Mr. Perry had such enthusiasm and excitement for the subject every day. Aside from her academic life, Haley’s favorite moments in high school involved attending pep rallies! She has enjoyed watching her classmates compete, cheering them on, and having school spirit. One of her proudest moments is when she made it into the National Honor Society this year.

Outside of school, Haley is currently working at Playa Bowls in Hanover. When looking ahead, Haley is planning on going to college and studying business. Haley’s favorite years of high school were her sophomore year and her senior year. If she had the chance to go back and do her high school experience all over again, she would take more challenging courses and join more clubs. The most important lesson from life so far is that you should not take your time for granted because high school flies by much faster than you think.

Jameson Bryan

Jameson Bryan has been in Hanover schools all her life! One thing that she has always done from elementary through middle school and even now is doodling on her papers. What has changed for Jameson from elementary to high school is how she feels about school. In high school, she has taken school much more seriously and studied much harder than she had ever before. She says she definitely misses not having to think about grades!

Her favorite teacher is Mrs. P because she is always so welcoming and encouraging, which has made a huge difference for Jameson’s outlook on the school environment. Outside of the classroom, Jameson’s favorite high school activity has been field hockey. She also plays lacrosse and works during the week, and something she is especially proud of is her ability to balance school, sports, work and life.

Planning to attend college next year, Jameson says she has learned a lot from high school, especially about the importance of hard work and responsibility. This will surely stick with her in the future. Jameson’s favorite year of high school has been senior year. If Jameson had a chance to redo her years at HHS, she would have done a few things differently. For example, she would have gotten more involved in clubs and would have tried a little harder in freshman year. Jameson learned one big thing from high school: not to take everything too seriously and to enjoy the little things in life.

Bryan Collins

Bryan Collins moved to Hanover from Weymouth just before starting kindergarten. Back in elementary and middle school, Bryan had a deep passion for Boston sports. Throughout high school he has stayed true to his favorite teams: the Patriots, Celtics, Red Sox and Bruins.

At HHS, Bryan found interest in business. “Before hgih school, the aspect of business kind of seemed boring to me. But after taking a couple of accounting classes with Mrs. P, I realized that there are so many interesting ways that business can be used.” This realization led him to DECA, a business club at HHS. There, his passion for business flourished as he competed at the district conference in January with his partner Leo Galvin and qualified fo rthe state competition in March.

Once he entered high school, Bryan let go of playing baseball. He shares that he misses it but never enough to pick it back up. “However,” he adds, “I did decide that this spring I will be managing our varsity baseball team to revive that old interest of mine.”

Bryan’s favorite class that he’s taken in high school is Sports and Society with Mr. Molloy. “This has been my favorite class because one of my biggest passions is sports and every single day our class goes into deep conversation about what is going on in the sports world and how sports everywhere are affecting our society.” His favorite teacher is Señora Curtis. He has taken her Spanish classes the past three years, from college prep Spanish 3 to AP Spanish 5. “I was not the best Spanish student going into her class a few years ago,” he confesses, “but the confidence she had in me to keep improving by far makes her my favorite teacher in the whole entire school.”

Bryan’s favorite high school activities he’s taken part in  have been football, basketball, DECA, “and Bible Club with Sam Light.” After high school, Bryan will attend Xavier University. There, he will major in finance and minor in sports management. “High school has influenced my choice of a future career path because of the many business opportunities I have engaged in here, along with the strong sports atmosphere we have at the school.” His proudest accomplishment thus far? “Advancing to states in the DECA competition,” he says.

One thing people may not know about Bryan is his active community engagement with IMPACT Sports. “With IMPACT, I have been able to teach children with disabilities how to play basketball.” He explains that this is one of his favorite out-of-school activities, “since mentoring these kids always brightens my week.”

His favorite year of high school has been senior year. He describes, “the best part of senior year has not even hit and I have been having the most fun!” If given the opportunity to do high school over again, the only thing he would change would be procrastinating much less. And finally, one lesson Bryan has learned during high school is that, “overthinking can ruin any aspirations you have if you don’t just go for it.”

‘Sinners’ and the History Behind the Horror

By Dynaziah Hampton, ’27

Staff Writer

The movie Sinners, directed and produced by Ryan Coogler, became an instant hit after its 2025 release. It won multiple awards, including four Critics Choice, two Golden Globes, and two Grammys. It has been nominated for a record-breaking 16 Oscars including Best Picture, Director and Actor. The movie blew up for its plot, ambition, and unique blend of horror with history.

Sinners is set in the 1930s in the state of Mississippi, focusing on twin brothers played by Michael B. Jordan who return to their hometown and open a ‘Juke Joint’ with the aim of providing music, happiness, and community to the segregated town. What begins as an opening night of celebration turns into a fight for survival as the supernatural descends on the scene, and the movie dives into the themes of community, cultural identity and resilience.

The movie had the audience speculating about its true meaning, with different opinions surfacing on the Internet. Some viewers thought it was a spooky interpretation of how people of color survived under the Jim Crow laws; others thought it was a play on greed and the hunger for power. I think these are true, but I especially think this movie really matters because it reflects on Black history. This movie is an outline of what we should think about during Black History Month in February.

Celebrated since 1926, Black History Month is a chance to remember the history of people of color in the United States and their contributions to building our country despite oppression and racism. It is also a month to mourn those who were lost in the fight for equality, from the days of slavery to modern times.

Sinners shows scenes of people of color in their everyday lives, working mostly as sharecroppers, formerly enslaved Black farmers working the land for a share of what they grew, and often staying trapped in cycles of debt. Despite the end of slavery 60 years earlier, it was very hard to be free as a Black person at this time. The movie shows a time when laws aimed to restrict Black Americans’ freedom, known as Jim Crow laws, enforced racial segregation and kept Black communities apart from white society in nearly every part of daily life. It was a system that was totally unfair and made to keep Blacks from success.

The ‘Juke Joint’ is an important part in the movie. It represents more than just having fun, because it was a place where blues music – a genre created by Black Americans – allowed them to express their pain, hope, and struggle. In the Joint, they could share their stories and keep their culture alive. Through music and celebration, the ‘Juke Joint’ became a unique space where they could be their true selves and feel a sense of freedom, even if it was only for a night.

Another part of the movie that reflects history was the tension between Stack and a white woman named Mary. In the movie, there was an important scene where they were together, and Mary finally opened up to Stack that she never wanted to be married to a white man, and how she wanted to be with Stack. “I didn’t want no white man, I didn’t wanna be white, I wanted to be with you,” she said. This scene especially shows how hard it was for whites and Blacks to connect without judgement, and even harder to fall in love while you were different races.

Sinners connects past to present, and films like these definitely matter during Black History Month. It’s more than a horror film; it’s a reminder of what real people endured during the 1930s. Were the movie’s real villains the vampires that attacked the ‘Juke Joint’ or the injustices set by mostly white Americans to uphold their image while destroying lives of innocent people? These are things to remember not only during the month of February, but for everyday life.

Top Places to Celebrate Your Valentine in Boston

By Emma Leonido, ’27

Staff Writer

There are so many beautiful places to visit this time of year, especially during Valentine’s Season! Here are five places you can take your sweetheart or crush to experience a memorable February 14th.

Ice Skating at Frog Pond – Since it is still pretty cold this time of year, this would be the perfect outing to enjoy with your significant other! Located in Boston Common, Frog Pond provides a romantic atmosphere in the heart of the city, as well entertainment such as artists, musicians and dancers surrounding the area. In addition, there are plenty of food trucks and stands to visit when you get hungry. Cost of admission is based on height, with those over 58 inches tall asked to pay $12; skate rentals are available too.

Museum of Fine Arts – For a chance to warm up, the museum caters to couples with a multitude of different events including specially curated tours showcasing the romantic backstories of works of art. On Valentine’s Day, the museum hosts live musical performances as well. Tickets for students up to age 17 are $14.

Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum – During this special season, take a stroll through the Renaissance and Medieval-inspired museum which features beautiful old paintings, murals and pottery. Then head to the courtyard’s Venetian-inspired gardens filled with statues capturing a romantic, picturesque environment. An added bonus: visitors under 17 are free.

Charles River Esplanade – Bundle up for a scenic walk along Boston’s signature river. Stretching for three miles of riverfront, the Esplanade includes 64 acres of green space, incredible views and the ability to access several Boston neighborhoods. Enjoy the beauty of nature right in the city, and then cross one of the park’s eight bridges over Storrow Drive in search of hot cocoa.

Beacon Hill and Acorn Street – Walking through these areas gives a sense of peace and serenity to the often busy and hectic streets of the city. Here, you can walk across cobblestone streets, see magnificent brownstone mansions, and view the quaint and picturesque scenes that scream New England! There are numerous stores and restaurants in the area where you can warm up and buy something special for your special someone.


Will It Be a Snowy Winter? What Forecasts are Saying

By Gabriella DeLuca, ’27

Staff Writer

Every winter, students across the country find themselves asking the same hopeful question: Will there be any snow days?

Over the last weekend of January, towns across Massachusetts were buried in nearly two feet of snow. Following this powerful winter storm, schools across New England were closed, some even for two days. This was the first real snow day our school has had in years and has many students wondering if this past snow day will not be the last.

It is not hard to notice the similarities between this recent winter storm and the infamous blizzard of 2015, which initially hit New England on the exact same date, January 26th, and brought over two feet of snow. This resemblance has some people wondering if this season will mirror the winter of 2015, which covered towns across Massachusetts in a record-breaking 100 inches of snow, and led to relentless school closures where even the students grew tired of the cancellations. Yet, others are speculating that this past snowstorm may have been this winter’s last hurrah before giving way to an early spring.

In order to make an accurate predication about the forecast for this year’s snowfall, it is important to consider the scientific factors that influence the winter weather of Massachusetts.

Oceanic Nino Index

The Oceanic Nino Index is a dataset used by meteorologists to measure the differences in normal sea surface temperatures in the east-central Pacific region. La Nina is a climatic pattern that describes the periodic cooling of surface-ocean temperatures in the equatorial region of the Pacific Ocean. It is considered to be the counterpart to El Nino, which is the pattern of unusually warm ocean temperatures along the tropical west coast of South America. La Nina brings warmer, drier conditions to parts of the southern US, and colder, snowier conditions to the New England area, while El Nino typically brings warmer and wetter weather conditions.

This winter, meteorologists predict weak La Nina conditions, which are expected to be mild in intensity and fade later in the season. For New England, this suggests colder-than-average temperatures and an increased chance of snow in December and January, followed by milder conditions in February and March.

NOAA releases 2024-25 winter outlook, weak La Niña to return | Fox 59
When La Nina is weak, the northern US gets colder and wetter.

Eastern Pacific Oscillation

Another important aspect to consider when determining the weather trends for this winter is the Eastern Pacific Oscillation, often referred to as the EPO. The EPO is a pattern of atmospheric flow across the Eastern Pacific region and can have a strong influence on how much cold air reaches North America. This season the EPO is in a negative phase, which means that a high-pressure atmospheric ridge is building near Alaska and blocking the typical west-to-east flow of mild Pacific air. For the northern US, this ends up resulting in colder than average temperatures. Since cold temperatures are a key ingredient for snowfall, this negative EPO could indicate higher-than-average snow totals for the northern region of the US. However, the negative EPO does not always guarantee frigid temperatures for Massachusetts, as warm Atlantic waters near the coast can moderate the cold temperatures created by the negative EPO. This could mean that precipitation could fall as rain instead of snow. Overall, the impact of the EPO on snowfall in Massachusetts is uncertain; however if the cards align, there is a chance for some more significant snowstorms in the future.

Pacific Decadal Oscillation

The Pacific Decadel Oscillation refers to a long-term ocean temperature fluctuation of the Pacific Ocean. The PDO varies from a “cool” or “negative” phase to a “warm” or “positive” phase every 20 to 30 years. This year we are experiencing a strongly negative or “cold” PDO. This means colder-than-normal conditions in the Pacific Northwest, but means warmer-than-normal temperatures across much of the country, including Massachusetts. In July 2025, the PDO reached the most negative value on record which was associated with record-breaking warm summer temperatures in New England. The last several winters had these same strongly negative PDO patterns, which likely played a part in the less snowy winters experienced in New England.

The Polar Vortex & The Jet Stream

The polar vortex is a wide low pressure area of swirling cold air located in the atmosphere of the polar regions. However, this year, the polar vortex is predicted to weaken. This means that this system filled with Arctic air can break off and flow south, bringing its cold air with it. When the polar vortex is strong and stable, it keeps the jet stream in its normal path. The jet steam is a band of strong wind located in the upper atmosphere that encircles the earth and plays a critical role in keeping colder air north and warmer air south. However, as the polar vortex weakens, the jet stream begins to wobble, causing cold shots of frigid air to travel into the mid-latitudes, including Southern New England. This favors a colder & snowier winter in New England.

What is the Polar Vortex? | The Weather Channel
The weak polar vortex causes the Jet Stream to become wavy.

Siberian Snow Theory

The Siberian Snow theory refers to the concept developed by climatologist Dr. Judah Cohen that the snowfall in Siberia can be used to determine the severity of winters in North America. Located in the northern Arctic region of Russia, Siberia experiences the Siberian High, a high-pressure atmospheric system that brings cool temperatures and snow beginning in early October. According to Dr. Cohen, an above-average snowfall in this region is likely to be followed by a colder and snowier winter season in New England. Last October, Siberia experienced a relatively average snow cover, which predicts average snow totals for the United States.

In summary, forecasts for this year’s winter season offer a mixed outlook:

  • A weak La Nina is predicted to bring a snowy December and January, followed by a milder February and March.
  • A negative Eastern Pacific Oscillation suggests the possibility of colder temperatures and snowstorms.
  • A negative Pacific Decadel Oscillation points toward a milder winter overall.
  • A weak polar vortex predicts a colder and snowier winter.
  • Finally, the Siberian Snow theory forecasts an average winter.

Based on this information, while a definitive prediction is hard to make, there is a real possibility for more snow on the horizon! Whether it will amount to more snow days, though, is anybody’s guess.